Piet Mondrian

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This page offers an in-depth examination of Mondrian’s last accomplished work Broadway Boogie Woogie. This painting represents a compendium of the entire oeuvre the painter produced between 1899 and 1943 and offers a magnificent synthesis of the artist’s new vision of reality.

In order to understand the genesis of the composition, it is necessary to start from the preceding canvas New York City.

As seen in the previous page, the guiding thread of the evolution process which took place between 1915 and 1942 was a continuous interaction between an ever-changing multiplicity of relationships between opposites (horizontal and vertical, lightest and darkest colors) and a square proportion which represents the moment when horizontal and vertical reach the equivalence and a changing overbalancing duality is transformed for a moment into unity. Between 1915 and 1942 we have seen a continuous interpenetration of unity (the square form) with multiplicity (planes and lines of different size, proportion and colors):

On observing the four paintings above, we can see how over a span of twenty years a white square field (1920) absorbed color and multiplied all over the surface of the canvas (1942) changing in terms of position, proportions, and relations between different proportions and colors. The single black and white unity of 1920 has undergone interpenetration with manifold space and in 1942 is wholly imbued with color and dynamism.

In 1942 (Fig. 4) the eye travels along the lines, stops, singles out certain proportions, and lingers on them, but all around the space is set in motion again with the alternating predominance of the different colors and directions. Seven square forms generate and dissolve in a variety of combinations between yellow, red and blue lines.

The permanent black and white square unit of the 1920’s has now become dynamic and multiple. Even perhaps too much. In Fig. 4 the eye scarcely has time  to identify a more stable relationship between opposites (a square) before finding itself immersed in the dynamic and continuous flux of the lines. This happens because when color was applied to lines, the former colored planes disappeared and the painter found himself grappling with compositions in never-ending development:

In all previous Neoplastic works planes expressed finite space and lines virtually infinite continuity; between the planes and the lines we had linear segments that are finite lines. In Fig. 4 the dynamic space conveyed by the straight lines seems to overwhelm the more measured and constant aspect previously expressed with segments and planes; infinite space prevails over finite and multiplicity over unity. Fig. 4 lacks a finite and more durable component to counterbalance the dynamic movement of the lines and thus suggest a certain degree of spatial permanence. 

While the need felt as from 1936 had been to open up the unitary synthesis evoked by the square to multiplicity:

it was now necessary to re-establish a greater degree of synthesis and constancy in a space that had undergone considerable multiplication in the meantime and continued uninterruptedly with the lines alone (1942).

Avoiding illusionistic space

This superimposition creates a three-dimensional effect with which Mondrian could hardly be satisfied, since one of his aims had been precisely the elimination of any perspective-based illusion of supposed and nonexistent third dimensions in order to express reality in the two real dimensions of painting. The problem arising as from this moment was to bring the three different planes of the yellow, red, and blue back onto a single plane. 

Re-establishing a single plane

Studies for Broadway Boogie Woogie

From now now I will refer to New York City as NYC and to Broadway Boogie Woogie as BBW.

The existing bibliography indicates two certain studies for BBW: Study I and Study II. The first sketch seems to have been made in one go and the second, which is more sharply defined, to clarify the ideas of the first:

In the two studies Mondrian drew a series of perpendicular lines that run uninterruptedly all the way through the visual field, as in Fig. 4. He then inserted between the lines some short segments that, by virtue of their proportions, almost look like small planes in the second study. In the two studies Mondrian focuses precisely on this transition from lines to planes, from virtually infinite space to finite space, and expresses it by means of small segments that are, however, no longer black segments delimiting fields of color (as throughout the European Neoplastic phase). They are colored segments as from 1941 and thus become small planes of color when they increase in thickness.

It should be recalled in this connection that lines of increased thickness seemed on some occasions to suggest planes back in 1925, 1930, and 1933.

The second study clearly shows the artist’s intention to channel the dynamic and continuous space of the lines toward finite and more constant relations. Some segments are clearly vertical, some markedly horizontal, and some display an equivalence in which horizontal and vertical are reciprocally neutralized. Originating in the line and tending toward the plane, the segment provided Mondrian with the way to express a finite and more constant dimension inside a space based exclusively on lines as in NYC:

This was to mark the point of transition from NYC to BBW, where areas of color are generated in the form of slices of finite space tending toward greater constancy that counterbalance the dynamic movement of the lines. Hereinafter we can see in summary how this transition took place:

An imagined interpenetration of the NYC lines (Diagram C) generate a multiplicity of small fragments in BBW:

Some of these fragments join up with others to generate symmetrical configurations along the lines (Diagram X – Section 1). An horizontal correspondence between two vertical symmetries with a red center can be seen in section 2. Through the act of contemplating a horizontal relationship between two vertical symmetries, we actually generate a field of greater extension, i.e. a plane. In that very point, we see the birth of a small blue plane and then of other planes distributed over the entire surface of the painting.

Diagram X Section 5 highlights one plane where all three primary colors reach a stable synthesis. The multiplicity of small fragments colored yellow, red, and blue, which disrupted our visual field at the beginning of the process by keeping the eye in constant motion (Section 1), reach a unified configuration with plane 5.

BBW shows a process through which a space of virtually infinite expansion (NYC) concentrates into a finite dimension:

This is the finite and more durable component that was missing in NYC to counterbalance the dynamic, endless flow of individual lines.

We shall now re-examine in detail the process we have just observed in synthesis. In order to do this, I have drawn up diagrams diagrams in which I have broken down and analyzed the composition. Viewed as a sequence, the diagrams help us to visualize a dynamic process. The diagrams should not be intended as an indication of how Mondrian did progressively paint the canvas, rather as a visual aid to understand its meanings.

Broadway Boogie Woogie in detail

Diagram A

The opposite straight lines are a plastic symbol of the endless physical extension of the outer world and at the same time of the controversial inner space of human beings subject to the duality of instinct and reason or, as Mondrian put it, of the natural and the spiritual. In truth, even the inner world evokes infinite extension and complexity.

The uniform lines of NYC come into direct communication in BBW with fragments of the horizontal entering the vertical and vice versa. The univocal space of each single line of NYC, i.e., entirely horizontal or vertical, becomes a relational space within the small squares where both directions simultaneously coexist (BBW). The small square is the point in which an infinite and absolute space (the straight line) becomes finite and relative space for a moment:

We see in BBW a multiplicity of gray, yellow, red and blue little squares. To be more precise, there are no yellow squares but only larger intervals of space between the gray, red, and blue squares. Yellow appears very rarely in the form of a small square and more frequently as a linear segment. The lines of BBW appear therefore mostly yellow.

Every point lasts for just an instant before changing into the next point-instant. A space of this sort is well capable of representing both the changing variety of shapes that follow one another in the space of physical reality and a succession of drives lasting only a few seconds in the inner space.

The small squares are entities in a state of unstable equilibrium continuously moving along the lines trying to balance the momentary opposition between their horizontal “soul” with the vertical line they become part of and vice versa. Human beings too are part of an infinite space as the natural universe (evoked in BBW by the endless lines) and live a condition of inner duality always contended between instincts and thought (horizontal and vertical here) It often occurs in our lives that internal imbalance generates external movement (action) and the attainment of a new internal equilibrium is then challenged by a new external situation in a constant dialectic between interior and exterior.

What we shall observe from now on is an interaction between the tendency of the small squares to concentrate the infinite space of the lines toward a finite dimension (i.e. toward their own nature) and a contrary tendency of the lines to expand boundlessly toward an absolute space (only one direction or the other). The small square strives to concentrate space upon itself so as to maintain balance between the two opposing directions. Think of the situations in our daily life when we try to reach a certain balance between the spurs of the external world and the integrity of the inner world.

Diagram B

Observation of the frenzied succession of fragments reveals some that join up with others to generate some symmetrical configurations along the lines (Diagram B). The changing space of the lines – i.e. the ephemeral progression of different small squares – is endowed with greater constancy through symmetries which present an orderly rhythm generated by a constant alternation of same colors:

The symmetries highlighted in diagram B can be seen as portions of ordered and hence measurable space generated inside a virtually infinite space like that of the lines, as though the space of the lines contracted for a moment into a finite segment (the symmetrical sequence) before reverting to infinite expansion.

The changing space of the lines – i.e. the ephemeral progression of different small squares – is endowed with greater constancy through symmetries. Human beings also endeavor during their lives to transform the variable flow of existence as far as possible into a more orderly and constant rhythm of foreseeable events.

The symmetrical configurations generate a dialectic between the tendency of the small squares to concentrate the infinite space of the opposite lines toward a finite dimension (i.e. toward their own nature) and a contrary tendency of the lines to expand boundlessly toward an absolute space (only one direction or the other). As mentioned, these are two opposing tendencies of one and the same space.

Careful observation of the symmetries formed on the lines shows that these are not wholly regular and precise geometric structures. While the alternation of colors is symmetrical, both the size of every small square and the space between them vary. We are thus faced with flexible symmetries under constant pressure from the dynamism of the lines. The symmetries should be seen in an elastic way as they seek to restrain and articulate the infinite space of the lines, which instead subject the concentration triggered by the symmetries to an expansive momentum.

An almost vertical relationship between two horizontal symmetries can be seen in the section of diagram B labeled 1. The relationship appears to be slightly staggered by the movement of the lines:

An analogous situation can be seen between two vertical symmetries at point 2, where the correspondence is now fully attained. Two vertical symmetries with a red center establish a horizontal symmetrical relationship between them.

Through the act of contemplating a horizontal relationship between two vertical symmetries (2), we actually generate a field of greater extension, i.e. a plane, which covers the space between the two vertical lines. In that very point, we see the birth of a small blue plane and then of other planes which are being shown in diagram C:

Diagram C

The initial contrast between the infinite lines (exclusively horizontal or vertical) and the finite square (simultaneous presence of horizontal and vertical) ends up generating through the more extended color planes a more stable balance between opposites.

Every instance of opposition can subsequently work in a broader context to generate a new and more stable balance. What appears negative today can become positive tomorrow. Our plans are sometimes obstructed by random and apparently extraneous factors that can, however, perform a useful function in prompting us to reformulate a project during its execution and ultimately improve it. The opposition of events should always be welcomed as an opportunity to adjust and develop the initial idea. In this way can equilibrium and dynamic unity be attained between the individual and the universal, subject and object, thought and nature. In everyday life, this presupposes a certain amount of patience, mental openness, and wisdom.

Some planes are still partially combined with the space of the lines (3), some are partially isolated (4, 5, 7) and some appear to be totally self-contained (6). The two planes 5 and 7 appear to be equal on first sight but closer observation shows that 5 has slightly greater vertical development:

As a whole, the planes indicated in diagram C represent a variety of different situations in a state of unstable equilibrium between horizontal and vertical, between yellow, red, and blue; a space of change but tending toward greater synthesis than its counterpart in diagram A.

If we see the geometry of BBW as a two-dimensional representation of our inner space, we can interpret the various entities (opposite lines, small squares and planes) of different colors as symbolizing the contradictory reality existing within us. Consider the inherent complexity of each and every one of us. We must all contemplate within ourselves the most disparate and sometimes apparently irreconcilable aspects, just as apparently irreconcilable as horizontal and vertical or yellow, red, and blue are in Neoplastic space.

Diagram D

To explain diagram D we start from diagram C: Plane 1 extends downward and drags with it a fragment of horizontal gray line, which is transposed into the vertical and becomes a rectangular field inside plane 2:

Observation of the sequence 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 shows that the process of spatial internalization (beginning with 2) continues in other planes where the gray field, which is still open on the sides in 2, is concentrated and stabilized in the form of a small square within the respective yellow planes (5, 6, 7). A sign of linearity opposing the layout of planes 2, 3, 4 gives way to a more balanced configuration that reduces the opposition to the interior of planes 5, 6, 7. 

The two internal quadrangles seem to reduce the imbalance manifested so obviously with the respective yellow parts of the planes. The internal quadrangles are the first timid sign (gray is the most tenuous chromatic value) of a shared inner nature that is more constant and detached from the frenzied and contradictory movement produced on the external lines.

We can interpret the transition from the frenetic and precarious space of the small squares to the more constant space of the planes (from an external to an internal space) as a plastic symbol of the gradual consolidation of our inner world through resistance to the conflicting pressures of the external world (symbolized in BBW by the lines) and reinforcement of the equilibrium within by reaching a balanced synthesis of opposites.

Internalizing the exterior means opening up, going beyond the narrow boundaries of the conscious self, and allowing this to be enriched as far as possible by the unpredictable development of life, not only in terms of outward reality but, at the same time, of inner life; the almost infinite reality that we bear within us and often find it difficult to decipher.

It means taking cognizance of the duality existing within us; understanding that our every act (thought or action) is the result of opposing drives, just as every small square or plane of BBW is born out of impulses that unavoidably undergo a vertical shift while intent on developing horizontally and vice versa.

Indian wisdom says that “the self is the friend of the self for those who overcome the self through the self.” Those who resist initial impulses and overcome situations of duality transform conflict with the self into synthesis and unity of being. At the same time, however, the process of growth and enrichment would not be possible without conflict and opposition.

Diagram E

Though partaking of the interaction between the opposite directions, this “vertical-horizontal” unity seems to resolve the opposition and contrast in felicitous equilibrium. The space of this plane expresses a comparative state of calm, albeit in an asymmetric and dynamic way, by comparison with the surrounding space.

While each color remains such, its size and proportions – and hence its value – depend on the tonality, proportions, and size of the other color. It is necessary to see the respective measures and positions of yellow, red, and blue give birth to a free interplay of reciprocal tensions. Every proportion depends on another in an unpredictable development of form that now depends directly on color, unlike the works produced between 1915 and 1940, where the colored planes were established a priori by form (the black lines).

In BBW the lines become planes and these concentrate into one plane. In the unitary plane the dynamic and virtually infinite space of the lines is transformed into a finite and lasting space. It would, however, be a mistake to see this as calm in the sense of a total absence of inner tension. The unitary synthesis of BBW should rather be seen as a temporary equivalence of opposing thrusts that neutralize one another. The dynamic nature of the unity is confirmed by diagram F.

Diagram F

Plane 11 is the same size as plane 10 but consists solely of red and gray rather than the three primary colors. Moreover the horizontal line running suddenly through the vertical plane tends visually to disrupt the previously attained equivalence of opposites with 10:

After the equivalence of the opposite directions and the synthesis of blue, red and yellow attained in plane 10, the colors are again reduced in plane 11 and the external dynamism of the lines reappears to generate new opposition. After the degree of comparative calm, constancy, and unity achieved in plane 10, spatial movement thus seems to reappear in plane 11. Unity opens up to external space and the colors are separated and flow back toward the more dynamic and variable space of the lines (12, 13). 

The indication provided by plane 11 finds further confirmation in plane 12, where blue, yellow, and red are juxtaposed but no longer interpenetrate as they did in plane 10. The juxtaposition produces the impression of three separate planes, whereas the interpenetration combines the three colors in a single structure of greater stability. Note how the yellow on the right of 12 already seeks to cross the perimeter of the plane and flow into the yellow of the surrounding lines. Plane 12 can therefore be seen as plane 10 in the process of dissolution. 

BBW shows a process where an expanded manifold space of yellow, red and blue fragments concentrate in one compact plane which then reopens to a multiplicity of small colored fragments. From expansion toward increasing concentration and then from concentration back to expansion: this is the way BBW breathes.

The process which dynamically links together multiplicity and unity is at the same time one of progressive internalization of external space (the lines) into one plane which unifies yellow, red and blue within itself and then reopens to the expanded external space of the lines. The color of the lines (yellow) is the one that is most internalized within the unitary plane.

“Through the internalization of what is known as matter and through externalization of what is known as spirit – until now too separate! – matter-spirit becomes a unity.” (Mondrian)

Internalizing the outer means learning from one’s experience of the world. Externalizing the inner means taking cognizance of oneself and becoming aware of one’s real nature.

While we observe the finite fields of the planes, the lines continue uninterruptedly and the eye therefore finds itself in a state of unstable equilibrium between an extended space (symbolizing the incommensurable extension of the physical world) and the same space undergoing inward concentration (the relational and measurable space of thought evoked by the finite space of the planes).

Only through a dynamic process multiplicity and unity become one and the same “thing”. In this light, we can regard the unitary plane and the entire painting respectively as synthetic and as complex versions of one and the same thing. I am thinking once again of the tree that looks like a condensed point when seen from a distance but reveals increasing complexity on closer observation. Each single thing and every aspect of life can unveil the one and the many while, at the same time, all things can be seen as one.

Nature and life still remain the primary source of inspiration for abstract art. The enchanting fragrance and the incredible wealth of forms that nature offers to our gaze. The ten thousand different things that we see around us prove on closer examination to be a single interminable line, because in nature everything is different, manifold, infinite, and at the same time one.

Everything is one just as every individual thing is a complex set of parts. Modern technology reveals that the apparent simplicity of a leaf is a small universe and that the immensity of earthly nature is a bluish-white spot in the infinite space of the macrocosm. The immensity of earthly nature is as simple as a leaf, which is as complex as the entire planet. Multiplicity becomes unity and unity reveals multiplicity. This is true reality. This is what Broadway Boogie Woogie unveils.

Though aware that the reality is far more complex, we often tend to make narrow, summary judgments. The reality before us is always more complex than our descriptions but we cannot always concentrate on it and investigate every single aspect in depth, not least because every single aspect is in fact an infinite reality in itself. This has always been true and is even more so today given the level of complexity attained by modern societies.

I therefore believe that the question of the one and the many is one of the most relevant to the present day. Nor is this something purely intellectual. We often experience a drive for concentration when rational explanations give way to an urge that transforms all the complexity and fragmentation of a vision thought into the almost absolute synthesis of a vision felt. When we fall in love, for example, the whole of our fragmented daily life seems to come together in a concentrated form of energy that makes us feel in harmony with the world.

Recap

A multiplicity of small squares (Diagram A) generate linear symmetries (Diagram B) which in turn give birth to various planes (Diagram C and D) that finally become one single plane which expresses a synthesis of the whole composition (Diagram E) and then reopens to a multiplicity of small squares (Diagram F):

Space undergoes gradual transformation from the condition of lines, an infinite and absolute space (either horizontal or vertical), to the condition of planes (a finite and relative space).

As mentioned, the lines can be regarded as an external situation and the planes as the genesis and development of an internal condition of the same space that proceeds uninterruptedly from an outer (Diagram A) to an inner space (Diagram E) and from the inner to the outer (Diagram F):

A multiplicity (Diagram A) turns into unity (Diagram E) which then reopens to multiplicity (Diagram F). It is a philosophical issue: Multiple and one, particular and universal, traditionally considered opposite terms, become the same “thing” seen from different points of view. We shall return to this.

No premeditated design

The process I have pointed out in Broadway Boogie Woogie might make one think of it as the result of a premeditated design. After reading the explanations provided above, some will indeed wonder whether Mondrian actually thought of the image in the way described here while painting it. We would have to ask the artist himself, but I think I can safely say that the answer would be: No.

The process observed in Broadway Boogie Woogie is not the result of a plan of the moment. This is a work constituting the compendium of an entire life, an image in which the artist finally succeeds in adequately expressing the immense variety of the world along with the synthesis he had always sought within himself. A world which was rapidly changing and therefore demanding new ways of visual representation. Reconnecting the outer world with the inner world was the purpose of the Dutch artist’s entire life.

I believe that Mondrian gave shape to the composition in a spontaneous and intuitive way, adding, removing, and modifying the parts in no precise order. I do not believe that the artist ever consciously visualized the process showed in Broadway Boogie Woogie even after finishing the work. In his interview with J.J. Sweeney in 1943, he declared his inability to express what he was doing with sufficient clarity.

Mondrian did not conceive Broadway Boogie Woogie in the way it is explained here. He painted it, and for a painter, for a true artist, painting is equivalent to thinking. The reflections and explanations come only later, if at all, when it is all over and done with. A true artist is wholly involved in the intuitive interplay dictated by the eye and not in reflective reasoning.

Consider a yellow line that continues uninterruptedly and a red small square inside it. When the painter adds one and then another small gray square that work with the red to form a symmetrical configuration, he is not thinking about its conceptual meanings. His eye delights in seeing the brighter contrasting colors take on a measured form and an appropriate proportional relationship. Mondrian sees the line expand and the small square give birth to a movement of concentration. There is no need to think. The painter sees and what he sees goes straight to the heart. This is how I believe he worked, the way a true artist works.

Cézanne: “If one feels in the right way, one will think in the right way. Painting is first of all a way of looking. The subject matter of our art is there, in what our eyes think.”

Processes such as the one observed in Broadway Boogie Woogie can certainly not be thought out but only carried through, step by step, following our intuition. If your intuition reaches such depths and succeeds in seeing so far, the results acquire all the astonishing and organic coherence that, it should be recalled, is displayed only upon completion. It is much easier for us today to see the entire work as a whole.

It was certainly impossible for the painter to take full cognizance of everything he was creating when he let himself be guided by his eye in addressing the canvas with his brushes. At the end of his life Paul Cézanne wrote, “I think in the end we will be of no use.” This is the spirit of the great ones, never really aware and satisfied with their achievements.

A flexible geometry

Mondrian’s pictorial evolution shows that, contrary to common belief, the artist had no intention whatsoever of forcing nature and human existence into rigid geometric schemata but rather of making his geometry as open and flexible as possible. In Broadway Boogie Woogie every form is born, grows and develops as every natural form does. As in natural space, nothing lasts forever; no entity is pre-established but becomes such in that particular situation, in that particular positional relationship with respect to the other forms undergoing reciprocal determination. 

Every point of Broadway Boogie Woogie is unique and unforeseeable but, at the same time, part of a process that brings all of the elements together like a universal rhythm. A fluid space that gives concrete form to becoming more than being, to relations more than the individual things; a geometry that is anything but rigid, cold, or exclusively rational; a space that strikes me instead as very similar to life.

Neoplastic geometry has very little to do with the rather aseptic geometry of certain form of abstract concrete art in the second half of the 20th century.

A misleading title

I think it necessary to say a few words also about the title Mondrian gave this painting. It may have been as a tribute to the place that offered him a home, as he had already paid tribute to Paris with a work entitled Place de la Concorde and to London with Trafalgar Square. The title has, however, given rise to no small number of misunderstandings by suggesting superficial parallels with the outward appearance of New York City. 

Broadway lights?

The painting obviously has very little to do with the lights of Broadway, the skyscrapers, the traffic or the street plan of Manhattan. If we really want to stick to the city where the image took shape, we could if anything think in terms of its pulsating rhythm, of the contrasts, the constant movement, the infinite variety of humanity, situations, and disparate elements that make up New York City.

An image of music?

I would attach little importance to any direct links with boogie-woogie music, which the painter certainly loved. He pointed out in his interview with Sweeney that he saw true boogie-woogie “as harmonizing in intention to his own aim in painting: the destruction of melody, which is equivalent to the destruction of natural appearances, and construction through the constant opposition of pure means: dynamic rhythm.” 

Always keenly aware of the educational function of art, Mondrian used an analogy with boogie-woogie, as earlier with the fox trot and jazz, to suggest a parallel helping us to understand plastic expression at a different level from the image, with a language, i.e. that of music, which is perhaps the closest to Neoplastic painting, since music has been expressed in abstract terms from the very outset. I do not believe, however, that Mondrian ever intended with Broadway Boogie Woogie, as with other works of his, to give pictorial form to a certain type of music, or indeed that music was the primary source of inspiration for his compositions.

What the fox trot or boogie-woogie may have in common with Mondrian’s paintings is the fact that both music and images tend to create dynamic sequences. The analogy with music must, however, serve toward the full understanding and enjoyment of painting.

A true critic?

No, Broadway Boogie Woogie is not to be understood through reference to its title. The substance of things lies and remains wholly in the visual data. Those capable of seeing in the painting only what the title suggests to them will have to wait until their vision becomes more finely honed and reveals the deeper reality, which lies always and exclusively in images and not in words, at least in the case of the visual arts. 

As Mondrian observed, “A true critic can, simply by drawing upon the depths of his humanity and observing with purity, write about the new forms of art even without a knowledge of the working technique (…). But a true critic is somewhat rare.” 

Where is the edge?

North American art critics often describe abstract art and especially the type involving precise, clear-cut shapes by means of the term “hard-edge”, as though we were talking about the outer aspect of some object. The value of Neoplastic visual thinking lies instead precisely in the abolition of every particular form in favor of the expression of pure relationships. The measurements, proportions, and chromatic or tonal variations in Neoplastic compositions are not pre-established but generated out of one another through reciprocal influence. 

The squares are never really such because it is the eye rather than mathematics that decides on their proportions; their extension can be slightly more vertical in some cases and horizontal in others depending on the spatial context in which they are developed. There are no elements in Neoplastic space endowed with absolute validity other than the perpendicular relationship and its infinite possible variations.

The synthesis of an entire life

After forty years of patience work the one and the many, respective symbols of the spiritual and the natural, are now expressed in a sharp and bright form. Fundamental issues of Mondrian’s visual thinking have remained the same throughout his life while there has been a drastic change in the plastic means serving to give clear shape to a new vision of reality which has finally found a sharp and bright form with his last accomplished painting.

The process observed in Broadway Boogie Woogie condenses the whole of Mondrian’s oeuvre within one canvas. Between 1913 up to 1943 we in fact see space evolving from rich and complexed compositions:

to very synthetic compositions; that is to say from a multiple to a unitary space:

and then we see space reverting from unity back to multiplicity:

A pathway that stretched over some twenty-two years can be found encapsulated in the process observed in Broadway Boogie Woogie where the multiple space of lines and small squares concentrates into a unitary plane which then reopens to a multiplicity of small squares and lines. This canvas sums up an entire life and it is perhaps no coincidence that this was the last work completed by the artist.

Life is a continued examination of the same thing in ever-greater depth” (Mondrian)

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